Safety means the organs and systems that keep us alive can predict they won’t be harmed. If they can, the body is calm and cooperative. If they can’t, they enlist emotions often categorized as deviant.

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References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Boyce, W. T., Levitt, P., Martinez, F. D., McEwen, B. S., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2021). Genes, Environments, and Time: The Biology of Adversity and Resilience. Pediatrics, 147(2), e20201651. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1651

• Cao-Lei, L., Yogendran, S., Dufoix, R., Elgbeili, G., Laplante, D. P., & King, S. (2021). Prenatal Maternal Stress From a Natural Disaster and Hippocampal Volumes: Gene-by-Environment Interactions in Young Adolescents From Project Ice Storm. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.706660

• Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1999). The impact of early adverse experiences on brain systems involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and affective disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 46(11), 1509–1522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00224-3

• Kendall-Tackett, K. (2002). The health effects of childhood abuse: four pathways by which abuse can influence health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(6–7), 715–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00343-5

• Kofman, O. (2002). The role of prenatal stress in the etiology of developmental behavioural disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(4), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00015-5

• Lafortune, S., Laplante, D. P., Elgbeili, G., Li, X., Lebel, S., Dagenais, C., & King, S. (2021). Effect of natural disaster‐related prenatal maternal stress on child development and health: A meta‐analytic review. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 18, Issue 16). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168332

• Maccari, S., Darnaudery, M., Morley-Fletcher, S., Zuena, A. R., Cinque, C., & Van Reeth, O. (2003). Prenatal stress and long-term consequences: implications of glucocorticoid hormones. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(1–2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00014-9

• Mairesse, J., Viltart, O., Salomé, N., Giuliani, A., Catalani, A., Casolini, P., Morley-Fletcher, S., Nicoletti, F., & Maccari, S. (2007). Prenatal stress alters the negative correlation between neuronal activation in limbic regions and behavioral responses in rats exposed to high and low anxiogenic environments. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(7), 765–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.03.013

• McEwen, B. S. (1999). Stress and Hippocampal Plasticity. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 22(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.105

• McEwen, B. S., & Akil, H. (2020). Revisiting the stress concept: Implications for affective disorders. Journal of Neuroscience, 40(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0733-19.2019

• Mulder, E. J. H., Robles de Medina, P. G., Huizink, A. C., Van den Bergh, B. R. H., Buitelaar, J. K., & Visser, G. H. A. (2002). Prenatal maternal stress: effects on pregnancy and the (unborn) child. Early Human Development, 70, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00075-0

• Penza, K. M., Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2003). Neurobiological effects of childhood abuse: implications for the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 6(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-002-0159-x

• Rhodes, K., & Rhodes, A. (2017). The pursuit of homeostasis: Closing the gap between science and practice in the treatment of aggression and violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.03.003

• Schell, L. M. (1991). Effects of pollutants on human prenatal and postnatal growth: Noise, lead, polychlorobiphenyl compounds, and toxic wastes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 34(S13), 157–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330340609

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Homes in neighborhood - Zac Gudakov, Unsplash

Woman Breathing – mcsingleton, Storyblocks

Man drinking water in hot sun – Oles Ishchuk, Storyblocks

Man Eating a Salad – kamila_p, Storyblocks

Mosquito – RichardjJones, Storyblocks

Snake – HDVMaster, Storyblocks

Cougar – alixmillet, Storyblocks

Bear paw – 8K, Storyblocks

Child Sneezing – artemegorov, Storyblocks

Parent putting helmet on child – HalfPoint, Storyblocks

Organs and systems – istock.com/peterhowell

Man sleeping – ilya2k, Storyblocks

Texting and walking – ODesigns, Storyblocks

Girls walking to school – Wavebreak Media, Storyblocks

House - Zac Gudakov on Unsplash

Young girl watching domestic violence – CactusVP, Storyblocks (Stock video. Posed by models)

Boys fighting in alley – istock.com/Synthetic-Exposition (Stock video. Posed by models)

Couple fighting – Dualstock, Storyblocks (Stock video. Posed by models)

Ambulance and police cars in neighborhood – Dan Jesperson, Storyblocks

Eviction notice – kk5hy, Storyblocks

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos. Body and Behavior Institute is an initiative of Limbic Legacy.