Where do emotions, feelings, and behaviors come from? Why do emotions sometimes feel like a survival event? Does your body produce emotions to help you? Is It possible to change emotions, feelings and behaviors?

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References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Carvalho, G. B., & Damasio, A. (2021). Interoception and the origin of feelings: A new synthesis. BioEssays, 43(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000261

• Craig, A. D. (2003). Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 13(4), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00090-4

• Fotopoulou, A., & Tsakiris, M. (2017). Mentalizing homeostasis: The social origins of interoceptive inference. Neuropsychoanalysis, 19(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15294145.2017.1294031

• Khalsa, S. S., Adolphs, R., Cameron, O. G., Critchley, H. D., Davenport, P. W., Feinstein, J. S., Feusner, J. D., Garfinkel, S. N., Lane, R. D., Mehling, W. E., Meuret, A. E., Nemeroff, C. B., Oppenheimer, S., Petzschner, F. H., Pollatos, O., Rhudy, J. L., Schramm, L. P., Simmons, W. K., Stein, M. B., … Zucker, N. (2018). Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(6), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BPSC.2017.12.004

• Panksepp, J. (1982). Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5(03), 407. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00012759

• Rhodes, K., & Rhodes, A. (2017). The pursuit of homeostasis: Closing the gap between science and practice in the treatment of aggression and violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.03.003

• Tsakiris, M., & Critchley, H. (2016). Interoception beyond homeostasis: Affect, cognition and mental health. In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (Vol. 371, Issue 1708). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0002

Podcasts and interviews:

• Homeostasis Emotion and Feelings with Gil Carvalho

• Homeostasis and the origin of emotions and behavior with Max Henning

• The science of emotions: Jaak Panksepp at TEDxRainier

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail image - Family harvesting vegetables in garden – istock.com/ RyanJLane

Anatomy person- Gerd Altmann, Pixabay

Swimming person – KONSTANIN SHISHKIN, Storyblocks

Dark theatre – malmanxx, Unsplash

Pupils dilating – PepN Stock Footage, Storyblocks

Heart beating – M.G.F.Studio, Storyblocks

Blood vessels and heart– icetray, Storyblocks

Person drinking water in hot sun – Oles Ishchuk, Storyblocks

Dad feeding baby – Prostock-studio, Storyblocks

Aligator – Dualstock, Storyblocks

Rejection in high school hallway- istock.com/FatCamera

Breeze through window - KONSTANIN SHISHKIN, Storyblocks

Friends Hugging – Cinemarketing, Storyblocks

Mom playing with child in yard – JustinHorrocks, Storyblocks

Friends laughing around fire – stockbusters, Storyblocks

Man hiking – stockbusters, Storyblocks

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

Are emotions and behaviors maladaptive? Why do behavioral adaptations happen, why are they different in different people, and how do they help you survive the environment YOU have experienced?

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References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Boon-Falleur, M., Baumard, N., & Jean-Baptiste, A. (2022). Optimal resource allocation and its consequences on behavioral strategies, personality traits and preferences Mélusine Boon-Falleur. 1–39

• Ellis, B. J., Abrams, L. S., Masten, A. S., Sternberg, R. J., Tottenham, N., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2022). Hidden talents in harsh environments. Development and Psychopathology, 34(1), 95-113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000887

• Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 561–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693054

• Ellis, B. J., Del Giudice, M., Dishion, T. J., Figueredo, A. J., Gray, P., Griskevicius, V., Hawley, P. H., Jacobs, W. J., James, J., Volk, A. A., & Wilson, D. S. (2012). The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: implications for science, policy, and practice. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 598–623. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026220

• Frankenhuis, W. E., & de Weerth, C. (2013). Does Early-Life Exposure to Stress Shape or Impair Cognition? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(5), 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413484324

• Frankenhuis, W. E., & Nettle, D. (2020). The Strengths of People in Poverty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419881154

• Frankenhuis, W. E., Young, E. S., & Ellis, B. J. (2020). The Hidden Talents Approach: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(7), 569–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.03.007

• Simpson, J. a., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I.-C., Sung, S., & Collins, W. A. (2012). Evolution, stress, and sensitive periods: The influence of unpredictability in early versus late childhood on sex and risky behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 674–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027293

• Young, E. S., Frankenhuis, W. E., DelPriore, D. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2022). Hidden talents in context: Cognitive performance with abstract versus ecological stimuli among adversity‐exposed youth. Child Development, 93(5), 1493-1510. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13766

News and Editorials

• Gibbens, S. (2018, April 19). “Sea Nomads” Are First Known Humans Genetically Adapted to Diving. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/bajau-sea-nomads-free-diving-spleen-science

Podcasts and interviews:

• Specialized: The Unique Strengths of Stress-Adapted Youth with Willem Frankenhuis

• In Their Shoes: Contextual Adaptation and Optimal Resource Allocation with Mélusine Boon Falleur

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Swimming man – KONSTANIN SHISHKIN, Storyblocks

Person Diving into water- DIMedia, Storyblocks

Diving audio – Unnamed author, Storyblocks

Swimming man – KONSTANIN SHISHKIN, Storyblocks

Swimming audio – Unnamed author, Storyblocks

Frog – sandid, Pixabay

Tree frog audio – Unnamed author, Storyblocks

Callused feet – istock.com/ozgurkeser

Walking across sand barefoot – vadimys, Storyblocks

Person sitting on bench - JustinHorrocks, Storyblocks

Spleen - drpapoulas.com/ together.stjude.org

Bajau diver – Matthieu Paley, National Geographic https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/bajau-sea-nomads-free-diving-spleen-science

Snacking at office – istock.com/Edwin Tan

Empty kitchen cupboard - Paul Volkmer, Unsplash

Chicken soup can - Ben Lolli, Unsplash

Little boy standing in kitchen - Kevin Gent, Unsplash

Young girl watching domestic violence – CactusVP, Storyblocks (Stock video. Posed by models)

Teen – istock.com/drbimages (Stock Photo. Posed by model)

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

How does neurocircuitry impact emotions and behaviors? How is it created? What can it tell us? Can we change our neurocircuitry? Is neurocircuitry at the heart of emotion and behavior?

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References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Boyce, W. T., Levitt, P., Martinez, F. D., McEwen, B. S., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2021). Genes, Environments, and Time: The Biology of Adversity and Resilience. Pediatrics, 147(2), e20201651. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1651

• Braun, K., & Bock, J. (2011). The experience-dependent maturation of prefronto-limbic circuits and the origin of developmental psychopathology: implications for the pathogenesis and therapy of behavioural disorders. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 53(SUPPL.4), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04056.x

• Glimcher, P. W. (2011). Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: the dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Suppl 3, 15647–15654. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014269108

• Hein, G., Engelmann, J. B., Vollberg, M. C., & Tobler, P. N. (2016). How learning shapes the empathic brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(1), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514539112

• McEwen, B. S. (1999). Stress and Hippocampal Plasticity. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 22(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.105

• McEwen, B. S., & Akil, H. (2020). Revisiting the stress concept: Implications for affective disorders. Journal of Neuroscience, 40(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0733-19.2019

• Montague, P. R., Eagleman, D. M., McClure, S. M., & Berns, G. S. (2006). Reinforcement Learning: A Biological Perspective. In Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (Issue 1, pp. 908–913). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00373

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Neurocircuitry – RichardjJones, Storyblocks

Theme Park ride - hartono subagio, Pixabay

Happy child – Shravan K Acharya, Unsplash

Angry child - Photo by Akash Yadav on Unsplash

Neurons firing – istock.com/nmlfd

Neurocircuitry – RichardjJones, Storyblocks

Ambulance and police cars in neighborhood – Dan Jesperson, Storyblocks

____________________________________________________

Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

Is dopamine just the reward chemical? What role does dopamine play in our emotions and behaviors? How can we use dopamine to create safe, therapeutic, and effective treatment?

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Dopamine Videos:

Higher-order Conditioning

Conditioned Inhibition

Unexpected Reward

References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Christopoulos, G. I., Tobler, P. N., Bossaerts, P., Dolan, R. J., & Schultz, W. (2009). Neural correlates of value, risk, and risk aversion contributing to decision making under risk. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29(40), 12574–12583. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2614-09.2009

• Gläscher, J., Daw, N., Dayan, P., & O ’Doherty, J. P. (2010). States versus Rewards: Dissociable Neural Prediction Error Signals Underlying Model-Based and Model-Free Reinforcement Learning. Neuron, 66, 585–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.016

• Glimcher, P. W. (2011). Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: the dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Suppl 3, 15647–15654. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014269108

• Hein, G., Engelmann, J. B., Vollberg, M. C., & Tobler, P. N. (2016). How learning shapes the empathic brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(1), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514539112

• Kishida, K. T., Saez, I., Lohrenz, T., Witcher, M. R., Laxton, A. W., Tatter, S. B., White, J. P., Ellis, T. L., Phillips, P. E. M., & Read Montague, P. (2016). Subsecond dopamine fluctuations in human striatum encode superposed error signals about actual and counterfactual reward. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513619112

• O’Doherty, J. P., Dayan, P., Friston, K., Critchley, H., & Dolan, R. J. (2003). Temporal Difference Models and Reward-Related Learning in the Human Brain. Neuron, 28, 329–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00169-7

• Platt, M. L., & Pearson, J. M. (2016). Dopamine: Context and counterfactuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 22–23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522315113

• Schultz, W. (2016a). Dopamine reward prediction error coding. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/wschultz

• Schultz, W. (2016b). Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling: a two-component response. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(3), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2015.26

• Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J. P., Dayan, P., Koltzenburg, M., Jones, A. K., Dolan, R. J., Friston, K. J., & Frackowiak, R. (2004). Temporal difference models describe higher order learning in humans. Nature, 429(June), 664–667. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02636.1.

• Tobler, P. N., Dickinson, A., & Schultz, W. (2003). Coding of predicted reward omission by dopamine neurons in a conditioned inhibition paradigm. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(32), 10402–10410. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10402.2003

Podcasts and interviews:

• Dopamine and Decision Making with Wolfram Schultz

• Dopamine, Learning, and Behavior with Philippe Tobler

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail image - Truck 4-wheel drive – iStock.com/sshepard

________________________________________________

Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

What is the limbic system and why does it matter? Can we override it? How can we work with the limbic system to understand and change behavior?

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References and Suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Anand, BK (1957). Structure and Functions of the Limbic System (“Visceral Brain”) : A Review. Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

• Broca, P. (1877). Sur la circonvolution limbique et la scissure limbique. Bulletins de La Société d’anthropologie de Paris, 12(1), 646–657. https://doi.org/10.3406/bmsap.1877.3284

• Broca, P. (1878). Comparative anatomy of the cerebral convolutions The great limbic lobe and the limbic fissure in the series of mammals. Revue d’Anthropologie , 2(1), 385–49.

• Broca, P. (2015). Comparative anatomy of the cerebral convolutions: The great limbic lobe and the limbic fissure in the mammalian series. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 523(17), 2501–2554. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.23856

• Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M.-C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(9), 5497–5502. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0935845100

• MacLean, P. D. (1952). Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (Visceral brain). Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 4(4), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(52)90073-4

• Morgane, P., Galler, J., & Mokler, D. (2005). A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain/limbic midbrain. Progress in Neurobiology, 75(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.01.001

• Morgane, P. J., & Mokler, D. J. (2006). The limbic brain: Continuing resolution. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(2), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.020

• Roxo, M. R., Franceschini, P. R., Zubaran, C., Kleber, F. D., & Sander, J. W. (2011). The limbic system conception and its historical evolution. TheScientificWorldJournal, 11, 2428–2441. https://doi.org/10.1100/2011/157150

Podcasts and interviews:

• The Limbic (Emotion/Behavior) System with David Mokler

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Limbic System – istock.com/decade3d

Generator – istock.com/gerenme

Generator audio – Unnamed author, Storyblocks

Limbic System – istock.com/decade3d

Incredulous man- stockbusters, Storyblocks

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

Can our parents and grandparents’ experiences shape our emotions and behaviors? What is epigenetics? Why do some people’s responses to an event seem out of proportion?

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References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Appleton, A. A., Kiley, K., Holdsworth, E. A., & Schell, L. M. (2019). Social Support During Pregnancy Modifies the Association Between Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Infant Birth Size. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 23(3), 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-02706-z

• Braga, L. L., Mello, M. F., & Fiks, J. P. (2012). Transgenerational transmission of trauma and resilience: a qualitative study with Brazilian offspring of Holocaust survivors. BMC Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-134

• Bygren, L. O., Tinghög, P., Carstensen, J., Edvinsson, S., Kaati, G., Pembrey, M. E., & Sjöström, M. (2014). Change in paternal grandmotherśearly food supply influenced cardiovascular mortality of the female grandchildren. BMC Genetics, 15, 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-15-12

• Cao-Lei, L., Yogendran, S., Dufoix, R., Elgbeili, G., Laplante, D. P., & King, S. (2021). Prenatal Maternal Stress From a Natural Disaster and Hippocampal Volumes: Gene-by-Environment Interactions in Young Adolescents From Project Ice Storm. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.706660

• Essex, M. J., Boyce, W. T., Hertzman, C., Lam, L. L., & Armstrong, J. M. (2014). Epigenetic Vestiges of Early Developmental Adversity: Childhood Stress Exposure and DNA Methylation in Adolescence Marilyn. 84(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01641.x.Epigenetic

• Goossens, L., van Roekel, E., Verhagen, M., Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Maes, M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2015). The Genetics of Loneliness: Linking Evolutionary Theory to Genome-Wide Genetics, Epigenetics, and Social Science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614564878

• King, S. E., Nilsson, E., Beck, D., & Skinner, M. K. (2019). Adipocyte epigenetic alterations and potential therapeutic targets in transgenerationally inherited lean and obese phenotypes following ancestral exposures. Adipocyte, 8(1), 362–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2019.1693747

• Lafortune, S., Laplante, D. P., Elgbeili, G., Li, X., Lebel, S., Dagenais, C., & King, S. (2021). Effect of natural disaster‐related prenatal maternal stress on child development and health: A meta‐analytic review. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 18, Issue 16). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168332

• Maccari, S., Darnaudery, M., Morley-Fletcher, S., Zuena, A. R., Cinque, C., & Van Reeth, O. (2003). Prenatal stress and long-term consequences: implications of glucocorticoid hormones. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(1–2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00014-9

• Mairesse, J., Viltart, O., Salomé, N., Giuliani, A., Catalani, A., Casolini, P., Morley-Fletcher, S., Nicoletti, F., & Maccari, S. (2007). Prenatal stress alters the negative correlation between neuronal activation in limbic regions and behavioral responses in rats exposed to high and low anxiogenic environments. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(7), 765–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.03.013

• Mulder, E. J. H., Robles de Medina, P. G., Huizink, A. C., Van den Bergh, B. R. H., Buitelaar, J. K., & Visser, G. H. A. (2002). Prenatal maternal stress: effects on pregnancy and the (unborn) child. Early Human Development, 70, 3–14. https://doi.org./10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00075-0

• Pembrey, M., Saffery, R., & Bygren, L. O. lov. (2014). Human transgenerational responses to early-life experience: potential impact on development, health and biomedical research. Journal of Medical Genetics, 51(9), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102577

• Roth, M., Neuner, F., & Elbert, T. (2014). Transgenerational consequences of PTSD : risk factors for the mental health of children whose mothers have been exposed to the Rwandan genocide. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-8-12

• Schell, L. M. (1991). Effects of pollutants on human prenatal and postnatal growth: Noise, lead, polychlorobiphenyl compounds, and toxic wastes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 34(S13), 157–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330340609

• Skinner, M. K., Anway, M. D., Savenkova, M. I., Gore, A. C., & Crews, D. (2008). Transgenerational epigenetic programming of the brain transcriptome and anxiety behavior. PLoS ONE, 3(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003745

• Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D’Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7(8), 847–854. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1276

• Yehuda, R., & Lehrner, A. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20568

News and Editorial Articles

Epigenetics: The Woes of Your Ancestors May Remain for Generations to Come, Li Miao Lovett, June 30, 2016, KQED https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/189972/epigenetics-the-woes-of-your-ancestors-may-remain-for-generations-to-come

Genetic impact of African slave trade revealed in DNA study, BBC News, July 24, 2020 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53527405

Study Shows How Effects of Starvation Can Be Passed to Future Generations, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, July 17, 2014 https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/study-shows-how-effects-starvation-can-be-passed-future-generations

Podcasts and interviews

• The Lasting Effects of Food Insecurity in Early Childhood a conversation with Dr. Jeremy Coplan

• Epigenetics - our bodies' way to change the destiny written in our DNA | Moshe Szyf | TEDxBratislava

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Pregnant mom with ultrasound overlay - Rudy and Peter Skitterians, Pixabay

Incredulous man- stockbusters, Storyblocks

Neurocircuitry closeup – RichardjJones, Storyblocks

DNA strand – iLexx, Storyblocks

Dad feeding baby – Prostock-studio, Storyblocks

Four generations – brfcs, Pixabay (Stock photo)

News Article- Dutch Hunger Winter – Nationaal Aarchief, Netherlands, KQED https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/189972/epigenetics-the-woes-of-your-ancestors-may-remain-for-generations-to-come

News Article - Le Statue de la Liberation de l’Esclavage – Reuters, BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53527405

News Article - Changes in RNA - Columbia University Medical Center https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/study-shows-how-effects-starvation-can-be-passed-future-generations

Pregnant mom with ultrasound overlay - Rudy and Peter Skitterians, Pixabay

Pregnant mom on couch – Dexswaggerboy, Unsplash

Neurons firing – istock.com/nmlfd

Eviction notice – kk5hy, Storyblocks

Empty kitchen cupboard - Paul Volkmer, Unsplash

Chicken soup can - Ben Lolli, Unsplash

Couple fighting – Dualstock, Storyblocks (Stock photo. Posed by model)

Worried pregnant mom - Prostock-studio, Storyblocks

Pregnant mom belly closeup – Alexander Krivitvitskiy, Unsplash

Bloodstream closeup – Unnamed author, Storyblocks

Blood vessels in body – icetray, Storyblocks

Running Muscular man – istock.com/janulla

Vintage car dashboard - Unnamed author, Storyblocks

___________________________________________________

Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

Why does aggression seem to have a ripple effect? Why do even small events sometimes end in restraint? How do contagious emotions change the safety of your facility or organization? Can we use emotional contagion to enhance safety?

___________________________________________________

References and Suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Barsade, S. G. (2002). The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and Its Influence on Group Behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094912

• Bonini, L., Rotunno, C., Arcuri, E., & Gallese, V. (2022). Mirror neurons 30 years later: implications and applications. In Trends in Cognitive Sciences (Vol. 26, Issue 9, pp. 767–781). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.06.003

• Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M.-C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(9), 5497–5502. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0935845100

• Christov-Moore, L., & Iacoboni, M. (2016). Self-other resonance, its control and prosocial inclinations: Brain-behavior relationships. Human Brain Mapping, 37(4), 1544–1558. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23119

• Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 561–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693054

• Eres, R., Decety, J., Louis, W. R., & Molenberghs, P. (2015). Individual differences in local gray matter density are associated with differences in affective and cognitive empathy. NeuroImage, 117, 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.038

• Eres, R., & Molenberghs, P. (2013). The influence of group membership on the neural correlates involved in empathy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00176

• Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953

• Iacoboni, M. (2009). Mirroring People: The Science of Empathy and How We Connect with Others. Picador.

• Iacoboni, M., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2007). Mirror neuron system: basic findings and clinical applications. Annals of Neurology, 62(3), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21198

• Iacoboni, M., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Gallese, V., Buccino, G., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Grasping the Intentions of Others with One’s Own Mirror Neuron System. PLoS Biology, 3(3), e79. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030079

• Prochazkova, E., & Kret, M. E. (2017). Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 80(May), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.013

• Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004). The Mirror-Neuron System. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230

• Rudolph, K. D., Skymba, H. V., Modi, H. H., Davis, M. M., & Sze, W. Y. (2022). Biological Embedding of Peer Experiences: The Contribution of Peer Adversity to Stress Regulation. In P. A. van Lier & K. Deater-Deckard (Eds.), Biosocial Interplay During Elementary School (pp. 111–151). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07109-6_6

• Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula. Neuron, 40(3), 655–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2

Podcasts and interviews

• Mirror Neurons and Human Connection with Marco Iacoboni

• Contagious Emotions, Moods, and Behaviors with Sigal Barsade

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Anatomy person- Gerd Altmann, Pixabay

Limbic System – istock.com/decade3d

Anatomy person- Gerd Altmann, Pixabay

____________________________________________________

Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

Emotions and behaviors can be broken into two categories, homeostasis and shared bodystate. Homeostasis — the body’s survival process — generates a bodystate. Bodies share their bodystate. That bodystate will be shared with you during treatment.

________________________________________________

References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Barsade, S. G. (2002). The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and Its Influence on Group Behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094912

• Carvalho, G. B., & Damasio, A. (2021). Interoception and the origin of feelings: A new synthesis. BioEssays, 43(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000261

• Christov-Moore, L., & Iacoboni, M. (2016). Self-other resonance, its control and prosocial inclinations: Brain-behavior relationships. Human Brain Mapping, 37(4), 1544–1558. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23119

• Damasio, A., & Carvalho, G. B. (2013). The nature of feelings: evolutionary and neurobiological origins. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 14(2), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3403

• Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953

• Iacoboni, M. (2009). Mirroring People: The Science of Empathy and How We Connect with Others. Picador.

• Tsakiris, M., & Critchley, H. (2016). Interoception beyond homeostasis: Affect, cognition and mental health. In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (Vol. 371, Issue 1708). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0002

Podcasts and interviews:

• Homeostasis Emotion and Feelings with Gil Carvalho

• Homeostasis and the origin of emotions and behavior with Max Henning

• Mirror Neurons and Human Connection with Marco Iacoboni

• Contagious Emotions, Moods, and Behaviors with Sigal Barsade

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Lit match - Unnamed author, Canva

Anatomy man- Gerd Altmann, Pixabay

Person changing thermostat – monkeybusiness, Storyblocks

Weather outside of window – kk5hy, Storyblocks

Heart beating – M.G.F.Studio, Storyblocks

Pupils dilating – PepN Stock Footage, Storyblocks

Lungs breathing – istock.com/ALIOUI Mohammed Elamine

Stomach digesting – istock.com/Jose Miguel Garcia Sanchez

City scene – iStock.com/HenrikAMeyer

Bodyscan, istock.com/janulla

_____________________________________________

Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

Bodystates are contagious. Training staff to change the bodystate can reduce sick days, interpersonal disputes, and staff turnover, and increase productivity and successful client engagement. Depending on how proficient your staff are at shifting the shared bodystate of your collective client base, shared bodystate can be your organization’s most expensive or most valuable currency.

________________________________________________

References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Barsade, S. G. (2002). The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and Its Influence on Group Behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094912

• Bonini, L., Rotunno, C., Arcuri, E., & Gallese, V. (2022). Mirror neurons 30 years later: implications and applications. In Trends in Cognitive Sciences (Vol. 26, Issue 9, pp. 767–781). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.06.003

• Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M.-C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(9), 5497–5502. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0935845100

• Christov-Moore, L., & Iacoboni, M. (2016). Self-other resonance, its control and prosocial inclinations: Brain-behavior relationships. Human Brain Mapping, 37(4), 1544–1558. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23119

• Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 561–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693054

• Eres, R., Decety, J., Louis, W. R., & Molenberghs, P. (2015). Individual differences in local gray matter density are associated with differences in affective and cognitive empathy. NeuroImage, 117, 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.038

• Eres, R., & Molenberghs, P. (2013). The influence of group membership on the neural correlates involved in empathy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00176

• Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953

• Iacoboni, M. (2009). Mirroring People: The Science of Empathy and How We Connect with Others. Picador.

• Iacoboni, M., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2007). Mirror neuron system: basic findings and clinical applications. Annals of Neurology, 62(3), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21198

• Iacoboni, M., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Gallese, V., Buccino, G., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Grasping the Intentions of Others with One’s Own Mirror Neuron System. PLoS Biology, 3(3), e79. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030079

• Prochazkova, E., & Kret, M. E. (2017). Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 80(May), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.013

• Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004). The Mirror-Neuron System. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230

• Rudolph, K. D., Skymba, H. V., Modi, H. H., Davis, M. M., & Sze, W. Y. (2022). Biological Embedding of Peer Experiences: The Contribution of Peer Adversity to Stress Regulation. In P. A. van Lier & K. Deater-Deckard (Eds.), Biosocial Interplay During Elementary School (pp. 111–151). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07109-6_6

• Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula. Neuron, 40(3), 655–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2

Podcasts and interviews

• Mirror Neurons and Human Connection with Marco Iacoboni

• Contagious Emotions, Moods, and Behaviors with Sigal Barsade

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Ripple in water - Unnamed author, Canva

Tiered Building – Ben McLeod, Unsplash

News Article – 6 teens, 1 man facing charges after fight breaks out at Boston playground, CBS News Boston, https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/6-teens-1-man-charges-fight-boston-playground/

News Article – A staffing shortage in PA juvenile justice system is creating a public safety crisis, CBS Local 21 News, https://local21news.com/news/facing-the-future/a-staffing-shortage-in-pa-juvenile-justice-system-is-creating-a-public-safety-crisis

News Article – Maine kids in youth prison are often locked in cells because of staff shortages, Maine Public, https://www.mainepublic.org/news/2022-10-24/maine-kids-in-youth-prison-are-often-locked-in-cells-because-of-staff-shortages

News article – Nearly two years after it was slated to close, staffing shortages continue to plague Wisconsin youth prison, Wisconsin Public Radio, https://www.wpr.org/lincoln-hills-copper-lake-youth-prisons-staffing-shortages

News Article - NC juvenile justice system facing critical shortage and unsafe conditions for youth and staff at detention centers, Public Radio for Eastern North Carolina, https://www.publicradioeast.org/pre-news/2023-05-18/nc-juvenile-justice-system-facing-critical-shortage-and-unsafe-conditions-for-youth-and-staff-at-detention-centers

National Institute of Corrections Webinar Series “Promoting Civility in the Correctional Workplace”, https://nicic.gov/resources/nic-library/webinars-broadcasts/promoting-civility-correctional-workplace-webinar-series

Government Building - Taylor Cole, Unsplash

News Article – ‘Back to one meal a day’: SNAP benefits drop as food prices climb, NPR, https://www.npr.org/2023/03/17/1163131918/snap-benefits-food-hunger-pandemic-assistance

News Article – Kentucky Caseworkers plead for help amid staffing shortage, heavy caseloads, WDRB, https://www.wdrb.com/news/kentucky-social-workers-plea-for-help-amid-staffing-shortage-heavy-caseloads/article_61a37942-b2f7-11ed-9732-471ad72ffa46.html

News Article - Residents frustrated as skyrocketing caseloads, staffing shortages ‘wreak havoc’ on Richmond social services, CBS 6 News Richmond, https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/staffing-shortages-skyrocketing-caseloads-wreck-havoc-on-richmond-social-services-february-15-2023

Wrist watch – fancycrave1, Pixabay

Budget on computer screen – Carlos Muza, Unsplash

Person at desk – Claudio_Scott, Pixabay (Stock photo. Posed by model)

Person having chest pains – istock.com/PeopleImages (Stock video. Posed by model)

Dad and son reuniting – Cinematic_Vision, Storyblocks (Stock video. Posed by models)

Employee and Supervisor – istock.com/SDI Productions (Stock photo. Posed by models)

Profile Picture on Google review - Leyli Nova, Unsplash (Stock photo. Posed by model)

___________________________________________________

Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

Survival obstacles in our environment design our emotions and behaviors. Unique obstacles design unique responses. Environments are context. Emotions and behaviors are adapted to the context we experience. Recognizing the contextual adaptations of youth can help you design uniquely effective programs.

____________________________________________________

References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Boon-Falleur, M., Baumard, N., & Jean-Baptiste, A. (2022). Optimal resource allocation and its consequences on behavioral strategies, personality traits and preferences Mélusine Boon-Falleur. 1–39.

• Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011). The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(7), 1562–1592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007.The

• Ellis, B. J., Abrams, L. S., Masten, A. S., Sternberg, R. J., Tottenham, N., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2022). Hidden talents in harsh environments. Development and Psychopathology, 34(1), 95-113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000887

• Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 561–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693054

• Ellis, B. J., Del Giudice, M., Dishion, T. J., Figueredo, A. J., Gray, P., Griskevicius, V., Hawley, P. H., Jacobs, W. J., James, J., Volk, A. A., & Wilson, D. S. (2012). The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: implications for science, policy, and practice. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 598–623. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026220

• Ellis, B. J., Figueredo, A. J., Brumbach, B. H., & Schlomer, G. L. (2009). Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk: The impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies. In Human Nature (Vol. 20, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7

• Frankenhuis, W. E., & de Weerth, C. (2013). Does Early-Life Exposure to Stress Shape or Impair Cognition? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(5), 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413484324

• Frankenhuis, W. E., & Nettle, D. (2020). The Strengths of People in Poverty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419881154

• Frankenhuis, W. E., Young, E. S., & Ellis, B. J. (2020). The Hidden Talents Approach: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(7), 569–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.03.007

• Young, E. S., Frankenhuis, W. E., DelPriore, D. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2022). Hidden talents in context: Cognitive performance with abstract versus ecological stimuli among adversity‐exposed youth. Child Development, 93(5), 1493-1510. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13766

Podcasts and Interviews

• Specialized: The Unique Strengths of Stress-Adapted Youth with Willem Frankenhuis

• In Their Shoes: Contextual Adaptation and Optimal Resource Allocation with Mélusine Boon Falleur

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Microphone on stage - Unnamed author, Canva

Emergency Room Hospital – Dan Jesperson, Storyblocks

Nauseas Person over toilet – Made360, Storyblocks

Person suffering gunshot wound – Genao Films, Storyblocks

Pregnant woman in labor – HalfPoint, Storyblocks

Juvenile Division – istock.com/Joe_Potato

Empty kitchen cupboard - Paul Volkmer, Unsplash

Chicken soup can - Ben Lolli, Unsplash

Teen facing kitchen - David Boca, Unsplash

Couple fighting – Dualstock, Storyblocks (Stock video. Posed by models)

Rejection in high school hallway- istock.com/FatCamera

OJJDP Research Central: What Works in Juvenile Reentry,https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/newsletter/ojjdp-news-glance-novemberdecember-2020/research-central-measuring-what-works-juvenile-reentry#research-central-measuring-what-works-in-juvenile-reentry

Teen – istock.com/drbimages (Stock Photo. Posed by model)

Apple - Ralphs _Fotos, Pixabay

Eviction notice – kk5hy, Storyblocks

Shelter for unhoused people – monkeybusiness, Storyblocks (Stock video. Posed by models)

________________________________________________

Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

There are key biological mechanisms underlying emotion and behavior. These are the processes that get youth into treatment, that wreak havoc in facilities around the world, and can return youth safely and successfully to their community; because these are the processes that generate mainstream emotions and behaviors in the community.

________________________________________________

References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

Homeostasis

• Carvalho, G. B., & Damasio, A. (2021). Interoception and the origin of feelings: A new synthesis. BioEssays, 43(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000261

• Craig, A. D. (2003). Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 13(4), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00090-4

• Fotopoulou, A., & Tsakiris, M. (2017). Mentalizing homeostasis: The social origins of interoceptive inference. Neuropsychoanalysis, 19(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15294145.2017.1294031

• Khalsa, S. S., Adolphs, R., Cameron, O. G., Critchley, H. D., Davenport, P. W., Feinstein, J. S., Feusner, J. D., Garfinkel, S. N., Lane, R. D., Mehling, W. E., Meuret, A. E., Nemeroff, C. B., Oppenheimer, S., Petzschner, F. H., Pollatos, O., Rhudy, J. L., Schramm, L. P., Simmons, W. K., Stein, M. B., … Zucker, N. (2018). Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(6), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BPSC.2017.12.004

• Tsakiris, M., & Critchley, H. (2016). Interoception beyond homeostasis: Affect, cognition and mental health. In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (Vol. 371, Issue 1708). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0002

Adaptation

• Boon-Falleur, M., Baumard, N., & Jean-Baptiste, A. (2022). Optimal resource allocation and its consequences on behavioral strategies, personality traits and preferences Mélusine Boon-Falleur. 1–39

• Ellis, B. J., Abrams, L. S., Masten, A. S., Sternberg, R. J., Tottenham, N., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2022). Hidden talents in harsh environments. Development and Psychopathology, 34(1), 95-113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000887

• Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 561–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693054

• Ellis, B. J., Del Giudice, M., Dishion, T. J., Figueredo, A. J., Gray, P., Griskevicius, V., Hawley, P. H., Jacobs, W. J., James, J., Volk, A. A., & Wilson, D. S. (2012). The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: implications for science, policy, and practice. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 598–623. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026220

• Frankenhuis, W. E., & de Weerth, C. (2013). Does Early-Life Exposure to Stress Shape or Impair Cognition? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(5), 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413484324

• Frankenhuis, W. E., & Nettle, D. (2020). The Strengths of People in Poverty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419881154

• Frankenhuis, W. E., Young, E. S., & Ellis, B. J. (2020). The Hidden Talents Approach: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(7), 569–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.03.007

• Simpson, J. a., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I.-C., Sung, S., & Collins, W. A. (2012). Evolution, stress, and sensitive periods: The influence of unpredictability in early versus late childhood on sex and risky behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 674–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027293

• Young, E. S., Frankenhuis, W. E., DelPriore, D. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2022). Hidden talents in context: Cognitive performance with abstract versus ecological stimuli among adversity‐exposed youth. Child Development, 93(5), 1493-1510. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13766

Neurocircuitry

• Boyce, W. T., Levitt, P., Martinez, F. D., McEwen, B. S., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2021). Genes, Environments, and Time: The Biology of Adversity and Resilience. Pediatrics, 147(2), e20201651. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1651

• Braun, K., & Bock, J. (2011). The experience-dependent maturation of prefronto-limbic circuits and the origin of developmental psychopathology: implications for the pathogenesis and therapy of behavioural disorders. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 53(SUPPL.4), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04056.x

• Glimcher, P. W. (2011). Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: the dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Suppl 3, 15647–15654. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014269108

• Hein, G., Engelmann, J. B., Vollberg, M. C., & Tobler, P. N. (2016). How learning shapes the empathic brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(1), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514539112

• McEwen, B. S. (1999). Stress and Hippocampal Plasticity. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 22(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.105

• McEwen, B. S., & Akil, H. (2020). Revisiting the stress concept: Implications for affective disorders. Journal of Neuroscience, 40(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0733-19.2019

• Montague, P. R., Eagleman, D. M., McClure, S. M., & Berns, G. S. (2006). Reinforcement Learning: A Biological Perspective. In Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (Issue 1, pp. 908–913). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00373

Dopamine

• Hein, G., Engelmann, J. B., Vollberg, M. C., & Tobler, P. N. (2016). How learning shapes the empathic brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(1), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514539112

• Kishida, K. T., Saez, I., Lohrenz, T., Witcher, M. R., Laxton, A. W., Tatter, S. B., White, J. P., Ellis, T. L., Phillips, P. E. M., & Read Montague, P. (2016). Subsecond dopamine fluctuations in human striatum encode superposed error signals about actual and counterfactual reward. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513619112

• Platt, M. L., & Pearson, J. M. (2016). Dopamine: Context and counterfactuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 22–23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522315113

• Schultz, W. (2016a). Dopamine reward prediction error coding. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/wschultz

• Schultz, W. (2016b). Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling: a two-component response. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(3), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2015.26

Shared bodystate

• Barsade, S. G. (2002). The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and Its Influence on Group Behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094912

• Bonini, L., Rotunno, C., Arcuri, E., & Gallese, V. (2022). Mirror neurons 30 years later: implications and applications. In Trends in Cognitive Sciences (Vol. 26, Issue 9, pp. 767–781). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.06.003

• Christov-Moore, L., & Iacoboni, M. (2016). Self-other resonance, its control and prosocial inclinations: Brain-behavior relationships. Human Brain Mapping, 37(4), 1544–1558. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23119

• Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 561–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693054

• Eres, R., Decety, J., Louis, W. R., & Molenberghs, P. (2015). Individual differences in local gray matter density are associated with differences in affective and cognitive empathy. NeuroImage, 117, 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.038

• Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953

• Iacoboni, M. (2009). Mirroring People: The Science of Empathy and How We Connect with Others. Picador.

• Iacoboni, M., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2007). Mirror neuron system: basic findings and clinical applications. Annals of Neurology, 62(3), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21198

• Iacoboni, M., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Gallese, V., Buccino, G., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Grasping the Intentions of Others with One’s Own Mirror Neuron System. PLoS Biology, 3(3), e79. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030079

• Prochazkova, E., & Kret, M. E. (2017). Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 80(May), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.013

• Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004). The Mirror-Neuron System. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230

• Rudolph, K. D., Skymba, H. V., Modi, H. H., Davis, M. M., & Sze, W. Y. (2022). Biological Embedding of Peer Experiences: The Contribution of Peer Adversity to Stress Regulation. In P. A. van Lier & K. Deater-Deckard (Eds.), Biosocial Interplay During Elementary School (pp. 111–151). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07109-6_6

• Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula. Neuron, 40(3), 655–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2

Podcasts and interviews

• Homeostasis Emotion and Feelings with Gil Carvalho

• Homeostasis and the origin of emotions and behavior with Max Henning

• Specialized: The Unique Strengths of Stress-Adapted Youth with Willem Frankenhuis

• In Their Shoes: Contextual Adaptation and Optimal Resource Allocation with Mélusine Boon Falleur

• Dopamine and Decision Making with Wolfram Schultz

• Dopamine, Learning, and Behavior with Philippe Tobler

• Mirror Neurons and Human Connection with Marco Iacoboni

• Contagious Emotions, Moods, and Behaviors with Sigal Barsade

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Keys - Silas Köhler, Unsplash

Pupils dilating – PepN Stock Footage, Storyblocks

Heart beating – M.G.F.Studio, Storyblocks

Person Breathing – mcsingleton, Storyblocks

Swimming person – KONSTANIN SHISHKIN, Storyblocks

Neurons firing – istock.com/nmlfd

Truck 4-wheel drive – iStock.com/sshepard

Anatomy person- Gerd Altmann, Pixabay

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

If your agency is bleeding staff, it might be because they aren’t trained in the biology of survival, emotions, and behaviors.

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Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artist

Thumbnail image - Anomaly, Unsplash (Stock photo. Posed by model)

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

Without short-term survival there is no long-term survival. The survivability of our environment changes our emotions and behaviors. Sustained short-term survival experiences generate emotions and behaviors that increase a person’s likelihood of system involvement.

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References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Boon-Falleur, M., Baumard, N., & Jean-Baptiste, A. (2022). Optimal resource allocation and its consequences on behavioral strategies, personality traits and preferences Mélusine Boon-Falleur. 1–39.

• Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 561–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693054

• Ellis, B. J., Del Giudice, M., Dishion, T. J., Figueredo, A. J., Gray, P., Griskevicius, V., Hawley, P. H., Jacobs, W. J., James, J., Volk, A. A., & Wilson, D. S. (2012). The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: implications for science, policy, and practice. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 598–623. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026220

• Ellis, B. J., Figueredo, A. J., Brumbach, B. H., & Schlomer, G. L. (2009). Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk: The impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies. In Human Nature (Vol. 20, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7

• Reynolds, J. J., & McCrea, S. M. (2015). Exploitative and deceptive resource acquisition strategies: The role of life history strategy and life history contingencies. Evolutionary Psychology, 13(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704915593664

• Simpson, J. a., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I.-C., Sung, S., & Collins, W. A. (2012). Evolution, stress, and sensitive periods: The influence of unpredictability in early versus late childhood on sex and risky behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 674–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027293

Podcasts and Interviews

• Specialized: The Unique Strengths of Stress-Adapted Youth with Willem Frankenhuis

• In Their Shoes: Contextual Adaptation and Optimal Resource Allocation with Mélusine Boon Falleur

• Homeostasis Emotion and Feelings with Gil Carvalho

• Homeostasis and the origin of emotions and behavior with Max Henning

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Person under water – iStock.com/urbazon

Person under water – iStock.com/urbazon

Person struggling to surface – iStock.com/urbazon

News Article – ‘Completely Innocent’: Teen shot, killed by gang members in Anaheim, Police say. KTLA, https://ktla.com/news/local-news/completely-innocent-teen-shot-killed-by-gang-members-in-anaheim-police-say/

News release – Gun deaths among U.S. children and teens rose 50% in two years, Pew research Center, https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/06/gun-deaths-among-us-kids-rose-50-percent-in-two-years/

Paramedic closes body bag – stockbusters, Storyblocks (Stock video)

Teen holds pregnancy test – Dualstock, Storyblocks (Stock video. Posed by model)

Young mother and baby – iStock.com/LV4260 (Stock video. Posed by model)

News Article – Study finds Arkansas teen birth rate is second worst in the country, nearly double national rate, https://arktimes.com/arkansas-blog/2022/10/11/study-finds-arkansas-teen-birth-rate-is-second-worst-in-the-country-nearly-double-national-rate

Boys fighting in alley – istock.com/Synthetic-Exposition (Stock video. Posed by models)

News Article – 6 teens, 1 man facing charges after fight breaks out at Boston playground, CBS News Boston, https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/6-teens-1-man-charges-fight-boston-playground/

News Article – Santa Rosa Police break up teen brawl downtown, The Press Democrat, https://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/news/santa-rosa-police-break-up-teen-brawl-downtown/

Friends enjoying conversation in Backyard – stockbusters, Storyblocks

Magazine Article – Meet the Colorado Runner Who Strangled a Mountain Lion, Outside Magazine, https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/exploration-survival/meet-colorado-runner-who-strangled-mountain-lion/

City scene – iStock.com/HenrikAMeyer

Body scan - istock.com/janulla

Torrential Rain – dapoopta, Storyblocks

College Graduation – iStock.com/SDI Productions

Accepting a job – Fizkes, Storyblocks

Purchasing a home – Rivetstudio , Storyblocks

Dad feeding baby – Prostock-studio, Storyblocks

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

Generating mainstream emotions and behaviors in youth in treatment is a visceral event not a thinking event. Training staff to generate mainstream emotions increases the health and longevity of youth and staff.

5 Steps to Upshift a bodystate

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Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Outstretched hand - krunal mistry, Unsplash

Worn dollar bill – istock.com/joecicak

Traffic Light – istock.com/luza studios

Cell door – istock.com/motapet

News Article – ‘Four-year-old-boy pictured in car with parents overdosed on heroin finds new home, Independent https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/heroin-overdose-parents-car-photo-boy-finds-new-home-ohio-a7307391.html

News Article - Mom overdoses in car with baby in backseat, CNN, https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/27/health/overdose-baby-backseat-trnd/index.html

News Article – Dad arrested after 4-year-old boy captured playing with gun alone: Police, ABC News, https://abcnews.go.com/US/dad-arrested-after-4-year-boy-captured-playing/story?id=96484306

Boys fighting in alley – istock.com/Synthetic-Exposition (Stock video. Posed by models)

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.

Treatment programs that do not apply all of the key biological mechanisms underlying emotion and behavior may only be a fraction as effective as they could be.

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Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail image - Soccer pitch - Izuddin Helmi Adnan,Unsplash

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos.