Is dopamine just the reward chemical? What role does dopamine play in our emotions and behaviors? How can we use dopamine to create safe, therapeutic, and effective treatment?

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Dopamine Videos:

Higher-order Conditioning

Conditioned Inhibition

Unexpected Reward

References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Christopoulos, G. I., Tobler, P. N., Bossaerts, P., Dolan, R. J., & Schultz, W. (2009). Neural correlates of value, risk, and risk aversion contributing to decision making under risk. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29(40), 12574–12583. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2614-09.2009

• Gläscher, J., Daw, N., Dayan, P., & O ’Doherty, J. P. (2010). States versus Rewards: Dissociable Neural Prediction Error Signals Underlying Model-Based and Model-Free Reinforcement Learning. Neuron, 66, 585–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.016

• Glimcher, P. W. (2011). Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: the dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Suppl 3, 15647–15654. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014269108

• Hein, G., Engelmann, J. B., Vollberg, M. C., & Tobler, P. N. (2016). How learning shapes the empathic brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(1), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514539112

• Kishida, K. T., Saez, I., Lohrenz, T., Witcher, M. R., Laxton, A. W., Tatter, S. B., White, J. P., Ellis, T. L., Phillips, P. E. M., & Read Montague, P. (2016). Subsecond dopamine fluctuations in human striatum encode superposed error signals about actual and counterfactual reward. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513619112

• O’Doherty, J. P., Dayan, P., Friston, K., Critchley, H., & Dolan, R. J. (2003). Temporal Difference Models and Reward-Related Learning in the Human Brain. Neuron, 28, 329–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00169-7

• Platt, M. L., & Pearson, J. M. (2016). Dopamine: Context and counterfactuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 22–23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522315113

• Schultz, W. (2016a). Dopamine reward prediction error coding. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/wschultz

• Schultz, W. (2016b). Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling: a two-component response. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(3), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2015.26

• Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J. P., Dayan, P., Koltzenburg, M., Jones, A. K., Dolan, R. J., Friston, K. J., & Frackowiak, R. (2004). Temporal difference models describe higher order learning in humans. Nature, 429(June), 664–667. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02636.1.

• Tobler, P. N., Dickinson, A., & Schultz, W. (2003). Coding of predicted reward omission by dopamine neurons in a conditioned inhibition paradigm. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(32), 10402–10410. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10402.2003

Podcasts and interviews:

• Dopamine and Decision Making with Wolfram Schultz

• Dopamine, Learning, and Behavior with Philippe Tobler

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail image - Truck 4-wheel drive – iStock.com/sshepard

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos. Body and Behavior Institute is an initiative of Limbic Legacy.