Your emotions, feelings, and behaviors are designed in part by the predictability of your survival resources.

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References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Boon-Falleur, M., Baumard, N., & Jean-Baptiste, A. (2022). Optimal resource allocation and its consequences on behavioral strategies, personality traits and preferences Mélusine Boon-Falleur. 1–39

• Church, N. T., Weissner, W., Galler, J. R., Amaral, A. C., Rosene, D. L., McGaughy, J. A., Rushmore, R. J., Larrabee, E., & Mokler, D. J. (2021). In vivo microdialysis shows differential effects of prenatal protein malnutrition and stress on norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels in rat orbital frontal cortex. Behavioral Neuroscience, 135(5), 629–641. https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000479

• Coplan, J. D., Gupta, N. K., Karim, A., Rozenboym, A., Smith, E. L. P., Kral, J., & Rosenblum, L. A. (2017). Maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to foraging uncertainty: A model of individual vs. social allostasis and the “superorganism hypothesis.” PLoS ONE, 12(9), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184340

• Coplan, J. D., Paunica, A. D., & Rosenblum, L. A. (2008). Neuropsychobiology of the Variable Foraging Demand Paradigm in Nonhuman Primates. In J. M. Gorman (Ed.), Fear and Anxiety: The Benefits of Translational Research (pp. 47–60). American Psychiatric Publishing, Incorporated.

• Ellis, B. J., Abrams, L. S., Masten, A. S., Sternberg, R. J., Tottenham, N., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2022). Hidden talents in harsh environments. Development and Psychopathology, 34(1), 95-113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000887

• Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 561–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693054

• Ellis, B. J., Figueredo, A. J., Brumbach, B. H., & Schlomer, G. L. (2009). Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk: The impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies. In Human Nature (Vol. 20, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7

• Jackowski, A., Perera, T. D., Abdallah, C. G., Garrido, G., Tang, C. Y., Martinez, J., Mathewe, S. J., Gorman, J. M., Rosenblum, L. A., Smith, E. L. P., Dwork, A. J., Shungu, D. C., Kaffman, A., Gelernter, J., Coplan, J. D., & Kaufman, J. (2011). Early-life stress, corpus callosum development, hippocampal volumetrics, and anxious behavior in male nonhuman primates. Psychiatry Research, 192(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.11.006

• Kishida, K. T., Saez, I., Lohrenz, T., Witcher, M. R., Laxton, A. W., Tatter, S. B., White, J. P., Ellis, T. L., Phillips, P. E. M., & Read Montague, P. (2016). Subsecond dopamine fluctuations in human striatum encode superposed error signals about actual and counterfactual reward. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513619112

• Kofman, O. (2002). The role of prenatal stress in the etiology of developmental behavioural disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(4), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00015-5

• Mokler, D. J., Galler, J. R., & Morgane, P. J. (2003). Modulation of 5-HT release in the hippocampus of 30-day-old rats exposed in utero to protein malnutrition. Developmental Brain Research, 142(2), 203–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-3806(03)00093-2

• Rhodes, K., & Rhodes, A. (2017). The pursuit of homeostasis: Closing the gap between science and practice in the treatment of aggression and violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.03.003

• Rushmore, R. J., McGaughy, J. A., Mokler, D. J., & Rosene, D. L. (2022). The enduring effect of prenatal protein malnutrition on brain anatomy, physiology and behavior. Nutritional Neuroscience, 25(7), 1392–1399. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2020.1859730

• Schultz, W. (2016). Dopamine reward prediction error coding. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/wschultz

• Schultz, W. (2016). Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling: a two-component response. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(3), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2015.26

• Simpson, J. a., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I.-C., Sung, S., & Collins, W. A. (2012). Evolution, stress, and sensitive periods: The influence of unpredictability in early versus late childhood on sex and risky behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 674–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027293

• Stevens, H. E., Leckman, J. F., Coplan, J. D., & Suomi, S. J. (2009). Risk and resilience: Early manipulation of macaque social experience and persistent behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(2), 114–127. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318193064c

• Tobler, P. N., Dickinson, A., & Schultz, W. (2003). Coding of predicted reward omission by dopamine neurons in a conditioned inhibition paradigm. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(32), 10402–10410. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10402.2003

• Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D’Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7(8), 847–854. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1276

Podcasts and interviews

• Homeostasis Emotion and Feelings with Gil Carvalho

• Homeostasis and the origin of emotions and behavior with Max Henning

• The Lasting Effects of Food Insecurity in Early Childhood a conversation with Dr. Jeremy Coplan

• Specialized: The Unique Strengths of Stress-Adapted Youth with Willem Frankenhuis

• In Their Shoes: Contextual Adaptation and Optimal Resource Allocation with Mélusine Boon Falleur

• Dopamine and Decision Making with Wolfram Schultz

• Dopamine, Learning, and Behavior with Philippe Tobler

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Organs and systems – istock.com/peterhowell

Anatomy man- Gerd Altmann, Pixabay

Heart beating – M.G.F.Studio, Storyblocks

Heartbeat audio – Unnamed author, storyblocks

Inhale/exhale audio – Unnamed author, Storyblocks

Lungs breathing – istock.com/ALIOUI Mohammed Elamine

Stomach digesting – istock.com/Jose Miguel Garcia Sanchez

Sheepherder – filmstudio, Storyblocks

Bajau diver – Matthieu Paley, National Geographic

Store Clerk- Pressmaster Production Studio, Storyblocks

Payday Calendar – skywardkick, Storyblocks

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein is accurate and conforms to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos. Body and Behavior Institute is an initiative of Limbic Legacy.