Dopamine is the vehicle that gets youth and staff through their day. Whether that movement is smooth or combative can depend on staff’s understanding of their youth’s dopaminergic systems. This video can help staff better understand dopamine.

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References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Gläscher, J., Daw, N., Dayan, P., & O ’Doherty, J. P. (2010). States versus Rewards: Dissociable Neural Prediction Error Signals Underlying Model-Based and Model-Free Reinforcement Learning. Neuron, 66, 585–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.016

• Glimcher, P. W. (2011). Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: the dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Suppl 3, 15647–15654. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014269108

• Hein, G., Engelmann, J. B., Vollberg, M. C., & Tobler, P. N. (2016). How learning shapes the empathic brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(1), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514539112

• Kishida, K. T., Saez, I., Lohrenz, T., Witcher, M. R., Laxton, A. W., Tatter, S. B., White, J. P., Ellis, T. L., Phillips, P. E. M., & Read Montague, P. (2016). Subsecond dopamine fluctuations in human striatum encode superposed error signals about actual and counterfactual reward. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513619112

• O’Doherty, J. P., Dayan, P., Friston, K., Critchley, H., & Dolan, R. J. (2003). Temporal Difference Models and Reward-Related Learning in the Human Brain. Neuron, 28, 329–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00169-7

• Schultz, W. (2016a). Dopamine reward prediction error coding. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/wschultz

• Schultz, W. (2016b). Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling: a two-component response. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(3), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2015.26

• Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science (New York, N.Y.), 275(5306), 1593–1599. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5306.1593

• Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J. P., Dayan, P., Koltzenburg, M., Jones, A. K., Dolan, R. J., Friston, K. J., & Frackowiak, R. (2004). Temporal difference models describe higher order learning in humans. Nature, 429(June), 664–667. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02636.1.

• Tobler, P. N., Dickinson, A., & Schultz, W. (2003). Coding of predicted reward omission by dopamine neurons in a conditioned inhibition paradigm. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(32), 10402–10410. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10402.2003

Podcasts and Interviews

• Dopamine and Decision Making with Wolfram Schultz

• Dopamine, Learning, and Behavior with Philippe Tobler

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Stoplight – iStock.com/luza studios

Truck 4-wheel drive – iStock.com/sshepard

Clock on desk – freestocks, Unsplash

Walking through Office – iStock.com/grdenis

Person at vending machine – dapoopta, Storyblocks

Pulling dollar bill from wallet – Made360, Storyblocks

Popping the tab of a cola can – TheKotlayer, Storyblocks

Soda in glass – artemegorov, Storyblocks

Walking down the hall – stockbusters, Storyblocks

Pressing the elevator button – Oles Ischuck, Storyblocks

Elevator door opening – Aerialworksusa.com, Storyblocks

Person pressing the elevator button marked ‘3’ – stockbusters, Storyblocks

Person at maze – RichardjJones, Storyblocks

Payday calendar – skywardkick, Storyblocks

Waiting in long line – Unnamed author, Storyblocks

Stoplight – iStock.com/luza studios

Youth in group – iStock.com/Caiafilm

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos. Body and Behavior Institute is an initiative of Limbic Legacy.