Common correctional practices ignore the laws of biology, generating the emotions and behaviors those practices are intended to resolve.

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References and suggested reading/listening:

Peer Reviewed Scholarly Publications

• Ben Maamar, M., King, S. E., Nilsson, E., Beck, D., & Skinner, M. K. (2020). Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of parent-of-origin allelic transmission of outcross pathology and sperm epimutations: Epigenetic transgenerational parent-of-origin allelic transmission. Developmental Biology, 458(1), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.030

• Boon-Falleur, M., Baumard, N., & Jean-Baptiste, A. (2022). Optimal resource allocation and its consequences on behavioral strategies, personality traits and preferences Mélusine Boon-Falleur. 1–39

• Cao-Lei, L., Yogendran, S., Dufoix, R., Elgbeili, G., Laplante, D. P., & King, S. (2021). Prenatal Maternal Stress From a Natural Disaster and Hippocampal Volumes: Gene-by-Environment Interactions in Young Adolescents From Project Ice Storm. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.706660

• Coplan, J. D., Gupta, N. K., Karim, A., Rozenboym, A., Smith, E. L. P., Kral, J., & Rosenblum, L. A. (2017). Maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to foraging uncertainty: A model of individual vs. social allostasis and the “superorganism hypothesis.” PLoS ONE, 12(9), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0184340

• Coplan, J. D., Paunica, A. D., & Rosenblum, L. A. (2008). Neuropsychobiology of the Variable Foraging Demand Paradigm in Nonhuman Primates. In J. M. Gorman (Ed.), Fear and Anxiety: The Benefits of Translational Research (pp. 47–60). American Psychiatric Publishing, Incorporated.

• Coplan, J. D., Rozenboym, A. V., Fulton, S. L., Panthangi, V., Tang, J., Thiramangalakdi, L., Perera, T. D., Liu, Y., Kamran, H., Owens, M. J., Nemeroff, C. B., Rosenblum, L. A., Kral, J. G., Salciccioli, L., & Lazar, J. (2018). Reduced left ventricular dimension and function following early life stress: A thrifty phenotype hypothesis engendering risk for mood and anxiety disorders. Neurobiology of Stress, 8, 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.01.001

• Ellis, B. J., Abrams, L. S., Masten, A. S., Sternberg, R. J., Tottenham, N., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2022). Hidden talents in harsh environments. Development and Psychopathology, 34(1), 95-113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000887

• Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 561–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693054

• Ellis, B. J., Figueredo, A. J., Brumbach, B. H., & Schlomer, G. L. (2009). Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk: The impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies. In Human Nature (Vol. 20, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7

• Frankenhuis, W. E., & de Weerth, C. (2013). Does Early-Life Exposure to Stress Shape or Impair Cognition? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(5), 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413484324

• King, S. E., Nilsson, E., Beck, D., & Skinner, M. K. (2019). Adipocyte epigenetic alterations and potential therapeutic targets in transgenerationally inherited lean and obese phenotypes following ancestral exposures. https://doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2019.1693747

• Kishida, K. T., Saez, I., Lohrenz, T., Witcher, M. R., Laxton, A. W., Tatter, S. B., White, J. P., Ellis, T. L., Phillips, P. E. M., & Read Montague, P. (2016). Subsecond dopamine fluctuations in human striatum encode superposed error signals about actual and counterfactual reward. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513619112

• Kofman, O. (2002). The role of prenatal stress in the etiology of developmental behavioural disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(4), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00015-5

• Lafortune, S., Laplante, D. P., Elgbeili, G., Li, X., Lebel, S., Dagenais, C., & King, S. (2021). Effect of natural disaster‐related prenatal maternal stress on child development and health: A meta‐analytic review. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 18, Issue 16). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168332

• Maccari, S., Darnaudery, M., Morley-Fletcher, S., Zuena, A. R., Cinque, C., & Van Reeth, O. (2003). Prenatal stress and long-term consequences: implications of glucocorticoid hormones. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(1–2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00014-9

• Mairesse, J., Viltart, O., Salomé, N., Giuliani, A., Catalani, A., Casolini, P., Morley-Fletcher, S., Nicoletti, F., & Maccari, S. (2007). Prenatal stress alters the negative correlation between neuronal activation in limbic regions and behavioral responses in rats exposed to high and low anxiogenic environments. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(7), 765–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.03.013

• McEwen, B.S. (1999). Stress and hippocampal plasticity. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 22(1), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.105

• Mulder, E. J. H., Robles de Medina, P. G., Huizink, A. C., Van den Bergh, B. R. H., Buitelaar, J. K., & Visser, G. H. A. (2002). Prenatal maternal stress: effects on pregnancy and the (unborn) child. Early Human Development, 70, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00075-0

• Minster, R. L., Hawley, N. L., Su, C. T., Sun, G., Kershaw, E. E., Cheng, H., Buhule, O. D., Lin, J., R Minster, R. L., Hawley, N. L., Su, C. T., Sun, G., Kershaw, E. E., Cheng, H., Buhule, O. D., Lin, J., Reupena, M. S., Viali, S., Tuitele, J., Naseri, T., Urban, Z., Deka, R., Weeks, D. E., & McGarvey, S. T. (2016). A thrifty variant in CREBRF strongly influences body mass index in Samoans. Nature Genetics, 48(9), 1049–1054. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3620

• Rushmore, R. J., McGaughy, J. A., Mokler, D. J., & Rosene, D. L. (2022). The enduring effect of prenatal protein malnutrition on brain anatomy, physiology and behavior. Nutritional Neuroscience, 25(7), 1392–1399. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2020.1859730

• Schultz, W., Preuschoff, K., Camerer, C., Hsu, M., Fiorillo, C. D., Tobler, P. N., & Bossaerts, P. (2008). Explicit neural signals reflecting reward uncertainty. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363(1511), 3801–3811. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0152

• Seiden, A., Hawley, N. L., Schulz, D., Raifman, S., & Mcgarvey, S. T. (2012). Long-term trends in food availability, food prices, and obesity in samoa. American Journal of Human Biology, 24(3), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22237

• Simpson, J. a., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I.-C., Sung, S., & Collins, W. A. (2012). Evolution, stress, and sensitive periods: The influence of unpredictability in early versus late childhood on sex and risky behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 674–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027293

• Stevens, H. E., Leckman, J. F., Coplan, J. D., & Suomi, S. J. (2009). Risk and resilience: Early manipulation of macaque social experience and persistent behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(2), 114–127. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318193064c

• Tobler, P. N., Dickinson, A., & Schultz, W. (2003). Coding of predicted reward omission by dopamine neurons in a conditioned inhibition paradigm. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(32), 10402–10410. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10402.2003

• Young, E. S., Frankenhuis, W. E., DelPriore, D. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2022). Hidden talents in context: Cognitive performance with abstract versus ecological stimuli among adversity‐exposed youth. Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13766

Podcasts and Interviews

• The Lasting Effects of Food Insecurity in Early Childhood a conversation with Dr. Jeremy Coplan

• Specialized: The Unique Strengths of Stress-Adapted Youth with Willem Frankenhuis

• In Their Shoes: Contextual Adaptation and Optimal Resource Allocation with Mélusine Boon Falleur

• Homeostasis and the origin of emotions and behavior with Max Henning

• Homeostasis Emotion and Feelings with Gil Carvalho

• Dopamine, Learning, and Behavior with Philippe Tobler

Media credit (photo/video/audio/animation) Sincere thanks to the following artists

Thumbnail Image - Suit - 🇸🇮 Janko Ferlič, Unsplash

Thumbnail Image - Back of person’s head - Ben Gingell, Istock

News article – Removed from home, Florida Weekly https://naples.floridaweekly.com/articles/removed-from-home-living-in-bureaucracy/

News article - Let public see CPS exit interviews, Lisa Krantz /San Antonio Express-News, MySA, https://www.mysanantonio.com/opinion/editorials/article/Let-public-see-CPS-exit-interviews-5976244.php

Foster home - Brian Babb, Unsplash

Young girl – Johannes Plenio, Unsplash

Man - Sadeq Mousavi, Unsplash

Juvenile Division Building - Joe_Potato/istock.com

Man walking into building - Unnamed author, Storyblocks

News article – Dad calls for law change around Youth Treatment Center policy for safety of ‘sick kids who need to get well’, Manchester Link, Photo/Carol Robidoux https://manchesterinklink.com/dad-calls-for-law-change-around-youth-treatment-center-policy-for-safety-of-sick-kids-who-need-to-get-well/

News article – Report: Wrong Place for Bay State Kids is Behind Bars, Public News Service https://www.publicnewsservice.org/2016-10-25/juvenile-justice/report-wrong-place-for-bay-state-kids-is-behind-bars/a54635-1

Young man in blue shirt – Charles Etoroma, Unsplash

Young man in ball cap - Ryan Jacobson, Unsplash

Checking Schedule – Pressmanster Production Studio, Storyblocks

News article - State watchdog releases videos of ‘dangerous’ restraints, seclusions in juvenile jails, CTMirror, Surveillance videos from CJTS https://ctmirror.org/2015/09/15/state-watchdog-releases-videos-of-dangerous-restraints-seclusions-in-juvenile-jails/

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Disclaimer: The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be medical or psychiatric advice, diagnosis, or treatment, nor to replace medical or psychiatric care. The information presented herein represents the perspective of the author. The concepts presented are accurate and conform to the available scientific evidence to the best of the author's knowledge as of the time of posting. Always seek the advice of qualified mental health providers with any questions regarding any emotional or psychological condition. Never disregard professional mental health advice or delay seeking it because of information contained in Body and Behavior Institute videos. Body and Behavior Institute is an initiative of Limbic Legacy.